A. Exam 2 will be given on Thursday, June 15, 2000.

B. Exam 2 will cover:

1. All lectures from June 8 (The coming to power of Augustus and establishment of the Principate) through June 14 (Feudalism & Manorialism).
2. Perry et al., Western Civilization, pages 141-227.
   Use the text to answer questions which occur to you as you study other materials, to cover topics we have not had time to discuss in class, and to reinforce in your memory the material we cover in class.
3. Don’t forget to study the textbook material on the successors to Rome (Islamic Civilization, Byzantine Civilization, and Latin Christendom) which was covered on Quiz 2.
4. Give priority to studying lecture notes.
   

C. Outline Of Exam 2

1. Take-home question (20 points)
   1. Refer to the handout entitled "Take-home Questions for Exams" for questions. Don't forget to choose a different question topic than you used on the last exam.
   2. Write your essay about the period of history beginning with Augustus and the creation of the Principate (27 B.C.) and ending with the end of the Early Middle Ages (A.D. 1000).
2. In-class essay question (30 points, 20 minutes)
3. Multiple choice and short answer questions (50 points, 25 minutes)
   

D. In-Class Essays for Exam 2

Students will be required to answer ONE in-class essay question as a part of Exam 2. The following is a list of potential essay questions for the exam. Two of the essays questions below will be on Exam 2. Each student will pick one of these questions to answer on of the exam. Be sure to cite specific examples to support your answers.

1. Discuss Augustus (Octavian) and the formation of the Principate. Under what circumstances did Octavian rise to power within the Roman government? Why did Octavian think it was important to preserve the facade of republican institutions while he, in fact, functioned like a monarch? How was the Principate form of government able to maintain the facade of republicanism over the substance of monarchy? What were the accomplishments of the Principate under Augustus? In your opinion, were the accomplishments of the Principate worth the price of monarchy? Why?
   

2. Discuss the Jewish background of early Christianity. Briefly describe the history of the Jews between 586 B.C. and 4 B.C. What was the nature and character of Roman rule of Palestine? How did foreign domination of the Hebrews lead them to embrace the doctrine of messianism? What were the five major Jewish sects during Jesus' lifetime? What were the major beliefs of each sect?
   

3. Discuss the Apostle Paul and his influence on early Christianity. What was Paul's background? What were the principal contributions he made to the development of Christianity?
   

4. Discuss the relationship of Christianity to the Roman Empire. What was the original position of Rome toward Christianity? What role did the persecution of Christians play in the policy of the Roman government? What effects did persecution have on early Christianity? What factors caused Christianity to become popular within the Roman Empire in the third century A.D.? How did Christianity become the official state religion of the Roman Empire? What effects did Christianity's role as the state religion of Rome have on the development of Christianity?
   

5. Discuss the Crisis of the Third Century. What was the crisis? What were the causes and consequences of the crisis?
   

6. Discuss the "barbarian" invasions of the Roman Empire. What factors caused the invasions to occur? When did the invasions occur? Who were the "barbarians"? What effect did the invasions have on the Roman Empire? What kingdoms did the barbarians establish in Western Europe? How successful were these barbarian kingdoms? What effects did these kingdoms have on the evolution of western civilization?
   

7. Compare and contrast the contributions made by the civilizations of Western Christendom, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Empire to the evolution of western civilization during the Early Middle Ages (A.D. 493-1000).
   

8. Discuss manorialism and feudalism. What is the meaning of each of these terms? What factors caused the development of each system? How was the development of each system related to the breakdown of Roman civilization in Western Europe? What were the principal features of each system? How were these systems alike and different from each other?